遗址公园将重现5000年前古城场景
Heritage Park to Reproduce Scenes of Ancient City from 5,000 Years Ago
渔猎农耕兮 菁菁走马岭
Traditional Farming Activities to Be Reproduced at the Lush Zoumaling Site
极目新闻记者 黄志刚
摄影：李吉明
翻译：肖进冬 单文波 卫拉（湖北大学）
JIMU News
Reporter: Huang Zhigang
Photographer: Li Jiming
Translators: Xiao Jindong, Shan Wenbo, Lisa M. K from Hubei University
上世纪80年代，砖瓦厂工人取土时无意间发现的陶片，揭开了一个跨越五千年的遗迹——走马岭遗址。
In the 1980s, several brick factory workers, when digging for soil, chanced upon pottery shards which unveiled the remains spanning 5,000 years -- Zoumaling Site.
走马岭考古遗址公园打造的景观 Landscapes at Zoumaling Archaeological Park
该遗址位于湖北荆州石首市东升镇走马岭村与童子岗村的交界处，是一处新石器时代聚落址，被称作荆州鼻祖式历史文化遗址。如今，从保护和传承的角度，当地拟规划建设国家考古遗址公园，让古老文明通过现代方式“活”起来。3月底，极目新闻记者前往该遗址，踏访五千年前长江中游古先人留下的生活遗迹。
Zoumaling site, a site of neolithic settlement, situated on the border between Zoumaling Village and Tongzigang Village, Dongsheng Town, Shishou of Jingzhou City of Hubei Province, was regarded as the first historical and cultural site in Jingzhou. The local government, out of the need to protect it for posterity, plans to build a national archaeological park, aimed at the revival of ancient civilization in a modern way. In late March, a reporter from JIMU News came to the site and visited the traces of ancestral life left in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River from 5,000 years earlier.
砖厂取土
Soil Excavation at Brick Factory
无意间揭开五千多年城堡遗址
Unexpected Discovery of Ancient Castle Existing 5,000 Years Ago
走马岭遗址位于长江中游的荆州石首市，上津湖边。走马岭，传说是三国时期的关羽，曾在此地走马扬鞭、操练骑兵而得名。
Zoumaling Site, by Shangjin Lake, is located in Shishou of Jingzhou City in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River. In fact, Zoumaling was legendarily a place where General Guanyu of the Three Kingdoms Period (220-280) trained his cavalry, always ready to fight.
1988年5月的一天，原石首焦山河乡走马岭村，几名空心砖厂的工人在取土时，意外挖出了一些陶片，起初也并不在意。
One day in May, 1988, several workers of a brick factory accidentally found some pieces of pottery when they were digging for soil at the former Zoumaling Village of Jiaoshanhe Town of Shishou. However, they didn't care much about them in the beginning.
修复出土的文物碎片 Fragments of Cultural Relics After Restoration
时任原焦山河乡办公室主任的夏光桃，听说砖厂挖出陶片、石器，到现场一探究竟，怀疑那些残片是古文物，赶紧向当时的石首博物馆报告。砖厂工人没想到，他们的意外发现，唤醒了沉睡千年的长江中游远古文明，也揭开了石首五千年前的神秘面纱。
Xia Guangtao, the then office director of Jiaoshanhe town, after having heard about the discovery, went to the excavation site for an enquiry. Upon his arrival, he suspected these pieces were most likely cultural relics, so he quickly reported the discovery to the former Shishou Museum. Actually, it had never occurred to those workers that their chance discovery would revive the ancient civilization of the middle reaches of the Yangtze River undiscovered for thousands of years and reveal to the public the mystery of Shishou which had remained for 5,000 years.
石钺象征着兵权 Stone Battle-axe: Symbol of Power
经国家文物局批准，荆州、石首市博物馆人员前往走马岭调查。两年间，考古队共进行4次发掘，出土8000余件陶器、石器和玉器等。经专家研究论证，该系列出土文物距今约有五千多年，属于新石器时代的文明遗存。在多次现场勘查后，专家们认定，文物出土地正是一处新石器时代的古城遗址。该古城遗址的周长约为1200米，不仅有城墙、城门，还有护城河，形如一座城堡。
Approved by the National Cultural Heritage Administration, staff members from Jingzhou and Shishou Museums went to Zoumaling for investigation. For two years, the archaeological team made four excavations which yielded a total of more than 8,000 pieces of pottery, stone and jade objects. Experts' research and argumentation showed that this range of relics, dating back more than 5,000 years, belonged to the civilization of the Neolithic Period. And after many on-scene investigations, the experts at last identified this site as the ruins of an ancient city from the Neolithic Period. The site, about 1,200 meters in circumference, had city walls, city gates and a moat, shaped like a castle.
修复后的炊煮器 Cooking Utensil After Restoration
经多年的考古发掘和学术论证，业界一致认为，该古城遗址是迄今为止，长江流域能够确认的时代最早、面积最大的原始社会晚期城址之一，并将其命名为“走马岭遗址”。
After years of archaeological excavation and academic argumentation, it's generally agreed by the archaeology community that this site, named Zoumaling Site, is confirmed as one of the earliest and largest sites of ancient cities from the late primitive society found in the Yangtze River Basin.
前日，极目新闻记者通过无人机航拍画面看到，昔日砖瓦厂取土处因地势低洼，已蓄水成为池塘；古城遗址上的杂树被清理后，可见凸出地面的城垣，4个城门的遗迹和5个制高点突出。古城整体平面形状呈椭圆形，城垣和护城河相对清晰。
The day before yesterday, from the aerial photograph taken by a drone, the reporter from JIMU News found that the spot for the original soil excavation in the brick factory had turned out to be a pond with accumulated water for its low-lying location. After the wild trees had been cleared off the site, the above-ground city walls, four gates and five projecting vantage points of this generally oval-shaped ancient city could be seen, with the walls and moat more visible.
石首市走马岭考古遗址公园管理所所长彭涛介绍，史前城址应包括走马岭内城、护城河和周边的屯子山、狗赶张、蛇子岭等外围城垣体系，共同构成内外双城结构。城堡最高处距地面有13米，测算古城的内城面积近10万平方米，加上外城总面积约36余万平方米。
According to Peng Tao, the director of Zoumaling Archaeological Park Administration Office, the pre-historic site is supposed to be composed of two parts: the inner city of Zoumaling and its moat, and the areas of Tunzishan, Gouganzhang and Sheziling surrounding the city, with the highest point of the castle 13 meters above the ground. It's estimated that the inner city covers an area of nearly 100,000 square meters while the total area measures up to more than 360,000 square meters if the surrounding areas are counted.
考古发掘
Archaeological Excavations
万件文物丰富长江流域古文明
Tens of Thousands of Relics Enrich Yangtze River Civilization
上世纪80年代末到90年代末的10年间，国内外考古专家纷至沓来，对走马岭遗址进行研究和调查。
The decade from the late 1980s to late 1990s saw an influx of Chinese and international archaeological experts, who began their research and investigation of Zoumaling Site.
古城遗址中，清理出了保存较完整的城垣、房屋、灰坑和墓葬等遗迹。而出土的石钺、陶鼎、陶罐等器物，生动再现了长江中游远古先民们生产、生活的场景。
The excavation of the ancient city site uncovered rather well-preserved historic remains such as city walls, houses, ash pits, tombs, etc. Meanwhile, the objects unearthed like stone battle-axes, pottery ding (an ancient cooking utensil) and pottery jars recreate vividly the life and productive activities of the ancient people once living in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River.
修复后的盛水器 Water Container After Restoration
考古发掘，共计出土文物1万余件，现藏于荆州博物馆和石首市博物馆等地。
The archaeological excavations have produced more than 10,000 pieces of relics which are now kept in Jingzhou Museum, Shishou Museum, etc.
在荆州博物馆，记者看到源于走马岭遗址的石钺、陶猪、玉珠、镂孔豆和纺轮等。专家称，石钺代表着军权，走马岭墓葬中有许多出土，证实新石器时的古城有军事功能。憨态可掬的陶猪背上，竟然还有一个小孔，专家认为它是一种类似于陶埙的乐器，将猪的形象运用于乐器上，“还意味着，当时的先民已对猪进行驯化、利用”。
In Jingzhou Museum, our reporter saw the stone battle-axes, pottery pigs, jade beads, openwork pottery dou (an ancient stemmed cup or bowl) and spinning wheels from the site. According to an expert, stone battle-axe, a symbol of military power, were found in large numbers in Zoumaling tombs which proves Neolithic ancient cities' military function. In addition, the lovely pottery pig, surprisingly with a hole in its back, is thought of by the expert as a musical instrument like pottery xun (a blown instrument). What's more, the image on the instruments shows that those ancient people had managed to tame and utilize pigs”.
在造型精美的镂孔豆上，镂刻着菱形几何图形。遗址公园管理所所长彭涛说，新石器时代还没有数学，但当时走马岭已出现几何图形。
As for the diamond patterns carved on the exquisitely shaped pottery dou, Peng Tao explained that such geometric figures had already been present in the Neolithic Period despite the absence of mathematics as a discipline then.
专家论证认为，走马岭城始建年代应不晚于距今5300年前的屈家岭下层文化，大致与郑州西山城、杭州良渚城等年代相当。史学界曾有“古中华文明的发源地在黄河流域，并由此扩展到长江流域”观点。然而20世纪下半叶，长江流域众多的考古发现，对这一论断有了新的看法。
Experts argue that Zoumaling City was most likely not built any later than the lower Qujialing culture dating back to 5300 years ago, roughly corresponding in time to Zhengzhou's Xishan City and Hangzhou's Liangzhu City. It was once held that the ancient Chinese culture originated from the Yellow River Basin and spread to the Yangtze River Basin. From the second half of the 20th century, however, many of the archaeological findings in the Yangtze River Basin have provided alternative perspectives to that previous belief.
武汉大学历史学院教授余西云说，走马岭城是中国境内发现最早的史前城址之一，也是目前发现的最早的有内外层结构的史前城址，对城市发展研究有重要意义。
Professor Yu Xiyun from the School of History of Wuhan University commented that Zoumaling City was one of the earliest pre-historic city sites within China as well as the earliest pre-historic city site built with both an inner city and its surrounding areas, which is of great importance to the research of city development.
目前，考古学家普遍认为，走马岭遗址包括了大溪文化晚期，屈家岭文化早、中、晚期，石家河文化早、中期等六期文化遗存，为研究新石器时代长江中游的原始社会史、经济发展史，长江流域古文化的起源等提供了重要的考古资料，价值非凡。
At present, archaeologists generally believe that Zoumaling Site, encompassing the cultural remains of six periods: upper Daxi culture, lower, middle and upper Qujialing culture, lower and middle Shijiahe culture offers important and invaluable archaeological materials to the research of the history of the primitive society and economic development in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River in the Neolithic Period and the origin of the ancient Yangtze River culture.
开掘历史
History Unfolds
遗址公园可沉浸远古农耕场景
Heritage Park for Full Immersion Experience of Prehistoric Farming
走马岭遗址的发现，使其立刻成为“荆州鼻祖式历史文化遗址”。目前，文保专家正在对发掘文物作修复保护，考古学家也更加紧对文物的研究论证。
The excavation of Zoumaling Site has soon established itself as the origin of historic and cultural heritage of Jingzhou. At present, cultural heritage professionals are implementing restoration and preservation on the unearthed cultural property while archeologists are accelerating their research about the property.
在遗址公园管理所的库房，记者看到来自武汉大学历史学院考古系的工作人员，在清理碎片、修补复原并作信息归档。
Inside the storehouse of the park administration office, the JIMU News reporter observes the personnel from the Department of Archaeology, School of History of Wuhan University sorting out and rehabilitating the fragments for documentation.
今年65岁的张从翠已退休十多年，她和团队已在走马岭遗址连续工作近2个月，任务是在1000多片陶器碎片中，不断找出相邻两块，拼接、粘合，最后形成一件完整的器物。
The 65-year-old Zhang Congcui, retired for over 10 years, has been working with her fellows at Zoumaling Site for nearly two months, with a mission to find out of the more than 1,000 pottery shards as many as possible adjacent pieces for their connection and adhesion into a complete object.
张从翠说，还原历史的最好办法就是找到直接物证，而每一件新发掘的文物就是诉说历史的最有力证明。有时为拼接一件陶器，她要花费三四天甚至更长时间，“相比同一时期的省内其它地方，走马岭遗址的碎片显得更细碎，拼合的难度更大。”
It is direct physical evidence that assists in the historical reconstruction. Therefore, every newly unearthed cultural relic is a strong testament to a historical event, according to Zhang Congcui. It may take her three to four days or even more to splice fragments together into a piece of pottery. She said, “Compared with debris from other sites from the same period in Hubei Province, it is more difficult to stitch up the even smaller potsherds from Zoumaling Site.”
再现远古先民农耕场景 Reproduction of Ancestors' Farming Activities
一件件修复完成的文物被记录存档后封存。它们将会被送往即将建成的石首走马岭考古遗址公园文物陈列馆，供游客观赏、学习和交流。
A series of sealed cultural relics which have been documented and archived will be delivered to the relics exhibition hall of the soon-to-be-built Zoumaling Archaeological Park for visitors to appreciate, learn about and share.
彭涛说，正在加紧建设国家考古遗址公园，与武汉大学达成考古合作项目，对走马岭文化进行深层次解读，让民众近距离地参观遗址。
Peng Tao stated that on the one hand, an agreement had been reached to collaborate with Wuhan University on archaeological projects to give a deep interpretation of Zoumaling culture. On the other hand, the construction of the national archaeological park was intensified to allow the public close access to the site.
遗址公园将按照“一轴、一心、两带、多点”总体布局和展示结构进行保护性开发建设。重点以城垣、城壕及城内的房屋址、文化层断面、水门遗迹等作为整个园区的核心展示区，再融入滨湖景观带和农业景观带，将园区的多个重要展示节点串联成线，并划分为遗址类、景观类、设施类和体验类功能区。
The Park will embark on a development and construction project with protective measures, following the overall exhibition layout of “one axis, one center, two zones and multiple spots”, with the city walls, moat, original house locations within the inner city, cross sections of culture layers and remains of water valves as the key exhibition areas. Lakeside and agriculture landscapes will be integrated to draw together the multi-display locations, with different functional areas for ruins, landscape, amenities and experience.
“游客既能直观感受远古遗存的文化魅力，还能沉浸式、场景式体验远古生活场景。”彭涛表示。记者在园区内看到，几处仿远古人生活场景的茅屋和景观小品已搭建完，有闻讯而至的游客慕名前来打卡。
Peng Tao continued, “It will allow visitors to visually feel appreciate the cultural charm from the remote antiquities while experiencing the life of prehistoric times when immersed in such scenes”. In the heritage park, the reporter found visitors taking pictures who had heard of the completion of several huts and miniature landscapes reproduced from ancient people's lifestyle.
走马岭遗址是宝贵的人类文化遗产，有极高历史文化价值，也是长江流域、洞庭湖平原珍贵的旅游资源。彭涛说，遗址公园将结合乡村全面振兴，建成融文物展示、文化旅游、生态环保和水上游乐于一体的历史文化旅游目的地。
空中鸟瞰走马岭考古遗址公园 Bird's Eye View of Zoumaling Archaeological Park
With rich historical and cultural value, Zoumaling Site is a precious cultural heritage of humanity as well as important tourism resources for the Yangtze River Basin and Dongting Lake Plain. Peng Tao promised that, the Park, combined with comprehensive rural vitalization, will be constructed as an integrated historic and cultural tourist destination featuring relics show, cultural tourism, ecological and environmental protection and water recreation.
“青青芳草兮，巍巍古城墙。护城河畔兮，菁菁黍稷黄。男子制陶兮，女子采榆桑。渔猎农耕兮，袅袅炊烟香。”彭涛仿楚辞格律，给公园描绘出一幅美丽的田园图景，正如许多古文人笔下的世外桃源。
Peng Tao, through a poem patterned on the rhythm of The Songs of Chu, painted attractive idyllic scenery for the future park as a paradise which many ancient literary men would conjure up: “Aside the tall wall, oh! green grass grows. On the bank of the moat, oh! yellow harvest glows. Men make pottery, oh! women pick mulberry. Farming and cooking, oh! what scenery!